Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing among staff and parents from San Diego schools.

COVID-19 testing is an important risk mitigation strategy for COVID-19 prevention in school settings, where the virus continues to pose a public health challenge for in-person learning. Socially vulnerable school communities with the highest proportion of low-income, minority, and non-English speaking families have the least testing access despite shouldering a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Through the Safer at School Early Alert (SASEA) program, we investigated community perceptions of testing in San Diego County schools, with a focus on barriers and facilitators from the perspective of socially vulnerable parents and school staff. Using a mixed-methods approach, we administered a community survey and conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with staff and parents from SASEA-affiliated schools and childcares. We recruited 299 survey respondents and 42 FGD participants. Protecting one's family (96.6%) and protecting one's community (96.6%) were marked as key motivators to testing uptake. School staff in particular reported that the reassurance of a negative status mitigated concerns about COVID-19 infection in schools. Participants expressed that COVID-19-related stigma, loss of income as a result of isolation/quarantine requirements, and lack of multilingual materials were the most significant barriers to testing. Our findings suggest that the testing barriers faced by school community members are predominantly structural. Testing uptake efforts must provide support and resources to manage the social and financial consequences of testing while continuously communicating its benefits. There is a clear need to continue to incorporate testing as a strategy to maintain school safety and facilitate access for vulnerable community members.

Student close contact behavior and COVID-19 transmission in China's classrooms.

Classrooms are high-risk indoor environments, so analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in classrooms is important for determining optimal interventions. Due to the absence of human behavior data, it is challenging to accurately determine virus exposure in classrooms. A wearable device for close contact behavior detection was developed, and we recorded >250,000 data points of close contact behaviors of students from grades 1 to 12. Combined with a survey on students' behaviors, we analyzed virus transmission in classrooms. Close contact rates for students were 37 ± 11% during classes and 48 ± 13% during breaks. Students in lower grades had higher close contact rates and virus transmission potential. The long-range airborne transmission route is dominant, accounting for 90 ± 3.6% and 75 ± 7.7% with and without mask wearing, respectively. During breaks, the short-range airborne route became more important, contributing 48 ± 3.1% in grades 1 to 9 (without wearing masks). Ventilation alone cannot always meet the demands of COVID-19 control; 30 m3/h/person is suggested as the threshold outdoor air ventilation rate in a classroom. This study provides scientific support for COVID-19 prevention and control in classrooms, and our proposed human behavior detection and analysis methods offer a powerful tool to understand virus transmission characteristics and can be employed in various indoor environments.

Domestic violence towards children in Kenya and Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: Although research has demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the likelihood of children experiencing domestic abuse, few empirical studies have focused on the most vulnerable communities in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence towards children in Kenya and Zambia. STUDY DESIGN: In collaboration with an international non-governmental organisation (NGO), an original door-to-door survey of 842 children and their parents (or adult guardians) was conducted in Kenya and Zambia. The survey sites were carefully selected to target economically underprivileged communities with the presence of NGOs as well as those without. METHODS: Using multivariate regression analysis of child and parent survey responses, we attempted to identify how parents' experiences of COVID-19 affected children's exposure to domestic violence. Our analysis of domestic violence included both emotional (psychological) and physical violence. RESULTS: Children from households whose guardians perceived a strongly negative effect of COVID-19 were more likely to experience domestic violence. The correlation was statistically significant for both emotional and physical violence. In Kenya, children in communities with NGO presence were less likely to experience domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed children to an increased risk of experiencing domestic violence. Children from underprivileged communities in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to such risk, as they tend to lack social support from communities and governments. International organisations must pay more attention to these children during the pandemic.

The role of air pollution in fetal origins of childhood allergy: Challenges and opportunities

Allergic disease is still a serious global public health problem, affecting 30-40% of world population. The rapid increase in prevalence indicates gene-by-environment interaction, in which epigenetics may be the underlying mechanism. We reviewed recent epidemiological studies about the association between prenatal exposure to air pollution and childhood allergies. On the other hand, we reviewed the evidence that maternal exposure to air pollution caused epigenetic alterations that changed the gene expression or transcription in offspring. We further discussed the challenges of the global warming and COVID-19 to the childhood allergies especially in developing countries, and suggested the opportunities to prevention or control by early intervention, immunotherapy, and epigenetic therapy.

Infection Diseases Following Natural Disaster in Children: Health Prevention and Assessment

[17] Diseases with a long incubation period (leishmaniasis and leptospirosis) and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue should be considered as possible infections during the recovery phase (> 4 weeks) of natural disasters. [20] Outbreaks of group A streptococcus infection in camps could have devastating consequences, not just as a cause of respiratory infection, but also of wound infections. [10] In the post-earthquake period, the first wave of infectious diseases is caused by food-borne and/or water-borne infections, and/or by infections transmitted by respiratory droplets. [Extracted from the article] Copyright of Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

A Comparative Study of Screen Time and Its Effects in Pre-Covid and Covid-Era in Children of 5 to 15 Years

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the screen time (ST) in pre-COVID and COVID era in children aged 5-15 years and to analyse the ST effect in pre-COVID and COVID era in the children. Method(s): The study was done at Vivekananda Polyclinic and Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow. Two hundred and seventy-six children aged between 5 and 15 years, attending outpatient department or inpatient department were enrolled in the study. Result(s): It was observed that the ST was significantly increased in post-COVID as compared to pre-COVID time and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001*). It was also observed that the screening time was significantly increased in post-COVID as compared to pre-COVID time and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001*). Conclusion(s): The present study found that when screening duration was analysed, the screening time during COVID-19 was significantly longer than the screening time before COVID-19 which may be associated with the various health problems reported among children during COVID-19 pandemic.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd.

The influence of home and environmental characteristics on 5-18 years old children's health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Iran.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed the health and wellbeing of children. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the home environment and the environmental characteristics on 5-18 years old children health in Iran. Method: An online survey was conducted among parents of children aged 5 to 18 living in large cities in Iran in 2021. The statistical population of this cross-sectional study was 500 people. In this survey, questionnaires on the quality of the home environment, exterior and interior landscapes of homes, and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) were used to investigate the relationship between the home environment and environmental characteristics on 5-18 years old children health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The t-test and analysis of variance were used in SPSS 24, and the structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized in AMOS 24 for analyzing the data. Results: The average age of respondents was 37.13 ± 7.20, and that of children was 11.57 ± 3.47. 73.02% of the families were covered by insurance, and 74.08% of them lived in the metropolis. In addition, 65.04% of the families complied with the restrictions of the quarantine period. A share of 31% of the families live in villas, and 55% paid more attention to cleaning their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic than before. A positive and significant statistical relationship (ß = 0.414, p < 0.001) was observed between the residence environment and child health. Thus, explained 17.5% of variations in child health. Conclusion: The results showed that the children who lived in homes with an exterior landscape in nature had better health. In addition, the 5-18 years old children whose home landscape was a garden, compared to the other two groups (yard, balcony), had better health. Gardens are a potential source of health and not necessarily replaced by other natural environments, thus providing them along with green space is one of the crucial issues that should be considered.

The Pandemic Play Project-Documenting kids' culture during COVID-19

The Pandemic Play Project came about because of a moment in history shared by people around the globe, coupled with a recognition of the importance of play in children's lives. This project explored the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the play lives of Australian children. Because of coronavirus restrictions, it was carried out almost entirely online, during one of the longest and strictest lockdowns in the world. In 2020, some Australian children spent more time in lockdown than at school with their friends. This highlighted differences in play opportunities, based on where they lived. It also revealed the creative efforts that enabled children to stay playful at home during lockdown. In schoolyards around Australia, the coronavirus permeated children's play as they adapted their games, rhymes and songs to this new theme, and played according to new rules that were not of their own making, and therefore outside their control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The eHealth well-being service for patients with SMA and other neuromuscular disorders during the COVID-19 emergency

The aim of the Wellbeing and Emotional Activities (WEA) project was to sustain families, to reduce the impact of COVID-19 and to create web meetings using Microsoft Teams during which children with muscular dystrophies could interact, have fun and learn. The goals of this study were to compare the perception of service users, both from the point of view of parents and children, measured with a users' satisfaction questionnaire, and to correlate if the level of satisfaction of the children could be correlated to trait self-concepts of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Eleven children with neuromuscular disorders participated in the project. The WEA program included 12 web meetings, consisting of 1 hour, 3 times a week over a 1-month period. It included game activities aimed at enhancing cognitive functions, promoting critical thinking and managing emotions. Results indicated that both children and parents perceived the same level of satisfaction. Correlations between children's satisfaction in life and the self-concept scale were found. This study highlights the benefits and disadvantages of the use of a WEA web-based program from the service users' perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

A cross-sectional study of unlocking childhood cancer services during COVID-19 pandemic: a pediatric oncology tertiary care center's experience from a developing country

Introduction: The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made the provision of cancer care services a challenging task all over the world, even in developed countries. Multiple studies have already reported increased rate of diagnostic delays, interruptions in radiotherapy and chemotherapy administration, and shortage of health care personnel to deliver these services. Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of strategies used to deliver uninterrupted childhood cancer services at our center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of the children less than 18 years of age admitted at our center between March 2020 and September 2021 to assess the effect of strategies adopted to provide uninterrupted cancer services during the COVID-19 pandemic. All the children with cancer who were managed during the study period were included in the study. The children who had treatment interruptions/lost to follow-up prior to onset of COVID-19 were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was to measure the effect of COVID-19 on delivery of cancer care services. The secondary outcome was to assess whether the strategies followed at our center helped to reduce diagnostic delays or loss to follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Out of total 1,490 admissions, 199 children were managed during the study period. Among the 199 children managed, 124 of them were newly diagnosed, 75 had ongoing treatment, 16 children relapsed, 13 children received palliative care, and 6 families were lost to follow-up. Out of 1,471 tests done, only 16 children and 6 caregivers tested COVID-19 positive during routine screening. Thirty-five underwent surgery and 23 received radiotherapy during this period. Among 199 children, 143 (71.8%) received financial support for hospital expenses, 23 (11.5%) received travel support, 20 (10%) were provided free accommodation, and 15 (7.5%) received home delivery of oral chemotherapy and pain medications. A total of $86,989.05 was supported for diagnostic investigations, COVID-19 testing, chemotherapy, and supportive care;$1,144.90 for travel support;and $17,010.94 was waived off by hospital administration to support the poor families. Conclusion: The shared care model, support from nongovernmental organizations and hospital administration, and utilization of local resources productively and effectively helped to avoid diagnostic delays and treatment interruptions, and provide uninterrupted pediatric cancer care services at our center.

Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program: an overview for the pediatric radiologist.

In terms of number of beneficiaries, Medicaid is the single largest health insurance program in the US. Along with the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), Medicaid covers nearly half of all births and provides health insurance to nearly half of the children in the country. This article provides a broad introduction to Medicaid and CHIP for the pediatric radiologist with a special focus on topics relevant to pediatric imaging and population health. This includes an overview of Medicaid's structure and eligibility criteria and how it differs from Medicare. The paper examines the means-tested programs within the context of pediatric radiology, reviewing pertinent topics such as the rise of Medicaid managed care plans, Medicaid expansion, the effects of Medicaid on child health, and COVID-19. Beyond the basics of benefits coverage, pediatric radiologists should understand how Medicaid and CHIP financing and reimbursement affect the ability of pediatric practices, radiology groups, and hospitals to provide services for children in a sustainable manner. The paper concludes with an analysis of future opportunities for Medicaid and CHIP.

School Nurse Perspectives of Working with Children and Young People in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Online Survey Study.

School nurses are public health specialists with an integral role in the safeguarding of children and young people. This study gathered information about school nurses' approaches to overcome practice restrictions as a result of COVID-19. A cross-sectional survey was administered to school nurses across the United Kingdom. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively. Qualitative data (free-text responses to open-ended questions) were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Seventy-eight participant responses were included in the analysis. Quantitative data highlighted increased workloads; decreased contact with service users; and difficulties in identifying safeguarding needs and working with known vulnerable children. Through qualitative data analysis, five themes were identified: a move from preventive to reactive school nursing; professional challenges of safeguarding in the digital context; the changing nature of inter-professional working; an increasing workload; and reduced visibility and representation of the child. The findings call for advocacy by policymakers and professional organisations representing school nurses to enable this professional group to lead in the evolving public health landscape; for commissioning that recognises the school nurse as a specialist public health practitioner; and for sufficient numbers of school nurses to respond to the emergent and ongoing health needs of children and young people.

'Being a mother is not child's play': The capabilities of mothers in a low-resource setting in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: The importance of a child's first 1000 days has now been widely accepted by the medical fraternity. Yet, we do not know much about caring practices in low-resource settings. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the caring capabilities of mothers in a low-resource setting. METHOD: In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 mothers with children aged 30 months or younger to better understand the arrangements, means and ends that inform developmental health in a low-resource setting in South Africa. The study was conducted in a low-income area, the former black township of Mangaung in Bloemfontein. The mothers were recruited via pamphlets, and two interviews followed. Because of Covid-19, interviews took place via mobile phones, in Sesotho, the local language in the area. Trained fieldworkers conducted, translated and transcribed the interviews. We used thematic analysis and the capabilities approach as the theoretical framework to analyse the responses from the mothers. FINDINGS: We used the following organizing themes: pregnancy and ante-natal care, nutrition, cognitive and physical development, the home environment and access to health care. Although short-term reactions to pregnancy were often negative, the longer-term responses showed that the respondents have agency. Most of them could change their nutrition habits, breastfeed and receive adequate nutrition support from the public health system. Most experienced joy when their children reached milestones (cognitive and others), although they became anxious if milestones were not reached. They emphasized children's play and had dreams for their children's futures. Technology was often mentioned as playing a role in their children's development. A large proportion of the respondents had disrupted homes (because of absent or abusive fathers), but some had stable homes. Most of them showed substantial capability to overcome adverse home environments. The public health system helped them deal with their health problems and their children's health problems, although it also created anxiety in many cases. Our data show how they develop their capabilities and overcome obstacles organically in the face of resource limitations. Despite pregnancies being unexpected and unplanned and fathers being absent, the respondents accepted the pregnancy, adjusted their diets and social behaviour, showed agency by attending primary healthcare facilities and ensured that their children received the required vaccinations. Their extended families played an important role in providing care. Despite the sacrifices, the respondents expressed joy and helped their children function by eating, playing, socializing, learning and using their senses. CONCLUSION: Our sample of mothers have the agency to adapt to the demands of parenthood and childcare and overcome adversity. Our data support the notion that mothers are held disproportionately and unfairly responsible for achieving the first 1000 days ideals. Despite considerable curtailment of their functionings and capabilities, they nevertheless showed agency to ensure their health and their children's health. A holistic approach should consider these findings in designing policy interventions for children's developmental health. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: We used paid fieldworkers to interact with the research participants.

European Cohorts of patients and schools to Advance Response to Epidemics (EuCARE): a cluster randomised interventional and observational study protocol to investigate the relationship between schools and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

BACKGROUND: Contradictory results were reported on the role of school closure/reopening on the overall SARS-CoV-2 transmission rate, as well as on which kind and level of mitigation measures implemented in schools may be effective in limiting its diffusion. Some recent studies were reassuring, showing that opening did not increase the community spread, although teachers and families are worried about the high class density. On the other hand, distance learning was associated with a negative impact on learning, sociability and psychological health, especially in vulnerable children. As it becomes clear that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will last for a long time, there is a high need for studies and solutions to support safe schools opening based on scientific evidence of harms and benefits. The Lolli-Methode (LM) is a strategy for epidemiological surveillance and early intervention aiming at SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks' reduction in schools, relying on polymerase chain reaction analysis of saliva samples. METHODS: In this cluster randomised trial protocol, we aim to determine whether the LM is useful to support schools opening and to reduce clusters and attack rates in schools, compared with the standard of care (SoC) surveillance by public health departments. This multicenter study will enrol 440 classes (around 8800 students, teachers and other personnel) from two countries, cluster randomised to LM or SoC. The samples from the pools will be collected and tested using PCR-based techniques. Test results will be combined with questionnaires filled in by children, parents, schoolteachers, and principals, concerning ongoing mitigation measures, their perceived psychological impact and other health and socio-economic information. An ancillary observational study will be carried out to study the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in schools, frequencies and size of clusters and attack rates, to compare the effectiveness of the different preventive measures adopted and to evaluate psychological issues in students and teachers in relation to the pandemic's containment measures. DISCUSSION: By the end of this study, we will have defined and characterised the applicability of the LM for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, as well as the impact of pandemic preventive measures on children and teachers. Trial registration International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number: NCT05396040, 27.05.2022.

Policy of Taking Care of Children's Health before the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Vietnam

Children are the preschools, the future owners of the country, who are being greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of children infected with COVID-19 since the pandemic broke out in Vietnam in January 2020 is increasing and is evolving very complicatedly. Moreover, children are a weak force, unable to take care of themselves before the onslaught of the pandemic. Protecting children is about protecting the future of the country;especially in the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is no vaccine to prevent COVID-19 for children, so protecting children against the COVID-19 pandemic needs to be more proactive. Based on the actual study of children infected with COVID-19, analyzing the collected data, a total of 125 parents and carers of children from 1 to 12 years old have had telephone interviews with 65 parents and carers of children, stakeholders, and representatives of families from different walks of life were interviewed using semi-structured guidance and carers children and understand the causes, this study points out the need, and the difficulties and recommends solutions to protect children's health and lives in the face of the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coping with COVID: pandemic narratives for Australian children.

The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic can be recognised as traumatic for the way in which its sudden and unexpected onset disrupted a sense of ordinary life for so many around the world. Adults, and far less so children, were unable to prepare for the danger of the rapidly spreading disease. As such, both were left vulnerable to the experience of trauma and anxiety that surrounds the threat of COVID. Whereas adults, however, have access to a range of resources and strategies for mental health protection, children of various ages need targeted resources to enable them to understand, prepare for, and come to terms with a trauma situation. A great deal of research exists around the value of children developing their own narratives as a means of coming to terms with trauma, such that storytelling is identified as a primary coping device. Similarly, literature exists that compares parental narratives of trauma with those of their children. Moreover, the use of the fairy tale as a cautionary tale has long been examined. What has not been established is the way in which contemporary multimedia narratives - such as television programmes, animations, and digital stories - can be used to develop coping strategies in children and to mitigate anxiety in young people experiencing global or collective trauma. This article examines a selection of such narratives produced for Australian children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a cross-disciplinary framework, this work considers how these resources can help (or hinder) mental health recovery in young children under the age of five, as well as strategies for best practice in the future development of trauma-informed resources for this age group.

[HOSPITAL MORBIDITY OF CHILDREN IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC].

The article presents information on trends in hospital morbidity of child population in Moscow, as well as morbidity of children in the first year of life. Authors used population data and information from Form No. 14 of the Federal statistical observational study "Information on the activities of the medical organization departments providing inpatient medical care" between 2014 and 2021.In addition to the general indexes, the article presents categories of diseases that were significantly affected by changes in the lifestyle of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant fluctuations in the incidence of infectious diseases are worth noting as they are certainly related to both fragmentations in groups of children during the pandemic, and proper nutrition, which led to positive changes in hospital morbidity due to gastrointestinal disorders. Changes in education, social isolation, better control over hygiene by the government, society and parents has led to unprecedented positive dynamics in morbidity rates of certain diseases. It is worth noting that the COVID-19 infection during pregnancy didn't lead to expected high increases in morbidity rates associated with diseases in the perinatal period.In addition to hospital morbidity, the article presents data on mortality in 24-hour inpatient facilities, as well as changes in the proportion of emergency admissions of patients under 18 to Moscow state hospitals.

Providing specialist clinical support for adoptive parents and adoption professionals

The article describes a designated adoption lead role based in a specialist child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) team serving adopted children who are considered particularly vulnerable to experiencing mental health issues. Topics discussed include core aspects of the role of a specialist practitioner lead for adoption in a CAMHS team and methods of delivering advice, training, education and support to adoptive parents and adoption professionals.

Public Libraries as Supportive Environments for Children's Development of Critical Health Literacy.

Critical health literacy enables individuals to use cognitive and social resources for informed action on the wider determinants of health. Promoting critical health literacy early in the life-course may contribute to improved health outcomes in the long term, but children's opportunities to develop critical health literacy are limited and tend to be school-based. This study applies a settings-based approach to analyse the potential of public libraries in England to be supportive environments for children's development of critical health literacy. The study adopted institutional ethnography as a framework to explore the public library as an everyday setting for children. A children's advisory group informed the study design. Thirteen children and 19 public library staff and community stakeholders were interviewed. The study results indicated that the public library was not seen by children, staff, or community stakeholders as a setting for health. Its policies and structure purport to develop health literacy, but the political nature of critical health literacy was seen as outside its remit. A supersetting approach in which children's everyday settings work together is proposed and a conceptual model of the public library role is presented.

A systematic review exploring body image programmes and interventions in physical education

Body image has implications for child and adolescent well-being. Schools have been positioned as a suitable site to provide body image education and support the development of body image;however, little is known about the role of physical education in body image education. The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the content and effectiveness of physical education-based body image or body-focused programmes published between 2000 and 2021. Using seven databases (Web of Science, SCOPUS, EBSCO, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Science Direct, and SportDiscus), a total of 1185 non-duplicated articles were retrieved. The articles were selected using the following inclusion criteria: (a) intervention, programme or curriculum based in physical education that explores body image or related phenomena, (b) focused on children or young people, aged 18 years or younger, (c) conducted between 2000 and 2021, (d) quantitative and/or qualitative methods: and (e) published in English. Following the screening process, a total of 19 articles were included in this review. Results showed that most programmes reported successful outcomes, yet there was no consistent approach to the programme design and delivery. Physical activity and fitness-based programmes were the most frequently used intervention type, followed by critical sociocultural perspectives and programmes focused on movement experiences and body functionality. Whilst fitness-based programmes were generally effective in improving body image and related phenomena, future research should explore the mechanisms associated with these changes and further consider how sociocultural perspectives can be used to support body image programmes. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Physical Education Review is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)